Erowid Carbogen Vault : Timeline

Modern humans must learn how to relate to psychoactives
responsibly, treating them with respect and awareness,
working to minimize harms and maximize benefits, and
integrating use into a healthy, enjoyable, and productive life.

Carbogen

Timeline

by Erowid

1794		Thomas Beddoes publishes Considerations on the Medical Use and on the Production of Factitious Airs, considered to be the first text on inhalation therapy in medicine 1
1827		Henry Hickman shows that a dog exposed to an atmosphere containing CO2 becomes anesthetized to pain 2
1856		Sir James Simpson writes Carbon dioxide is recognized by toxicologists as a very powerful narcotic poison when inhaled in sufficient qualities. 2
1878		Paul Bert shows when CO2 content of arterial blood is high, animals are anesthetized and unconscious 2
1896		Benedicenti finds that 10-15 CO2 is narcotic in animals, but 30 is needed to induce rapid unconsciousness 2
1928		A journal article describing the successful interruption of epileptic seizures with carbogen gas is published by W. G. Lennox. 2
1929		C. D. Leake and R. M. Waters find that 40 or higher CO2 concentrations cause interruptions to respiration and circulation 2
1929		A. S. Lovenhart, W. P. Lorenz, and R. M. Waters find that 30-40 CO2 mixtures induce moments of lucidity in catatonic patients 2
1930		CO2 co-administered with barbiturates is shown to cause death in animals, whereas the sedative paraldehyde appears to block CO2's toxic effects
1930		E. W. Brown finds humans can tolerate 10 CO2 for more than 10 minutes without losing consciousness, but that is the maximum concentration that does not cause unconsciousness 2
1946		M. De Almeida hypothesizes that carbon dioxide’s action on the brain is not the result of changes to blood pH 2
1946		R. Lorente de No publishes "A Study of Nerve Psychology", arguing that carbon dioxide affects the brain by altering the way neurons metabolize oxygen.
1950		Carbon Dioxide Therapy, L. J. Meduna's seminal monograph on psychiatric applications of carbogen, is published. 2
1953		Meduna and colleagues incorporate the Carbon Dioxide Research Association, which will eventually include hundreds of physicians in its rolls.
mid-1950s		Al Hubbard begins widely disseminating LSD and frequently uses carbogen as an "acid test" to see how people would respond to longer-lasting nonordinary states of consciousness. 3
1956		Aldous Huxley writes of Meduna's work in an appendix to "Heaven and Hell", an essay on entheogens. Huxley hypothesizes that spiritual practices involving the breath, such as chanting, induce religious visions through altering CO2 concentrations in the blood.
1958		Meduna publishes a greatly-expanded second edition of Carbon Dioxide Therapy, including papers by other researchers in the Carbon Dioxide Research Association.
1959		Hubbard introduces Myron Stolaroff to psychoactive substances with carbogen. Stolaroff responds with enthusiasm. 4
1961		Stolaroff founds the International Foundation for Advanced Study in Menlo Park as a research facility for the study of psychedelic substances. Carbogen is frequently administered, sometimes in combination with other substances. 4 [Details] From Thanatos to Eros: "Meduna discovered [sic] that inhaling a mixture of 70% oxygen and 30% carbon dioxide provided an experience of an altered state of consciousness, often accompanied by substantial abreaction. With proper preparation and administration, he found that clients could be helped considerably to become free of their neuroses. "Inhaling a sufficient number of breaths of this mixture has the effect of dissolving the resistances holding down repressed feelings, permitting their expression. There is usually a rapid succession of imagery, and the discharge of feelings is often accompanied by a considerable amount of insight. In our Foundation work with clients, we found that several treatments with this mixture was an excellent procedure to introduce novices to altered states of consciousness. Many discovered unconscious contents of their mind for the first time. The procedure also cleared away a good deal of repressed material, thus freeing the subject for a smoother, more profound psychedelic experience."
1998		Several studies are published documenting the use of a 95% oxygen/5% carbon dioxide mixture of carbogen to facilitate chemotherapy
Jun 2007		Erowid publishes a history of carbogen and a description of modern experiments with carbogen. 5

References

Campbell A, Poulton EP. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Therapy. Oxford Medical Publications. 1934.
Meduna LJ. Carbon Dioxide Therapy (First Edition). Charles Thomas. 1950.
Stevens J. Storming Heaven: LSD and the American Dream. The Atlantic Monthly Press. 1987.
Stolaroff MJ. Thanatos to Eros: 35 Years of Psychedelic Exploration. Thaneros Press. 1994.
James B, Erowid E. "Carbogen: An Introduction". Erowid Extracts. Jun 2007;12:12-7.